Why does /his/ think early Greek/pre-Socratic philosophers wanted to reduce reality to a single element or force? Are the differences between philosophers just arbitrary?
Because "evertything is one", also everything can't be exchange or change of themselves.
Which one? They didn't all do that, some believed in a harmony of elements
>pre-socratic philosophers
>inferring anyone gives a shit about this prehensile nonsense
>plinytheelder.jpeg
Do animals have souls? Do animals have an afterlife? Does all life (including germs, etc)? If so, how are they judged? If not, what makes us so special?
What do you mean by soul? There are many meanings to that word.
>>330654
A nonphysical essense of a living thing
>>330647
We are not special.
People who did nothing wrong
Lots of people list this guy as the worst pope ever when there were literally pagan popes
>>330609
Fuck, wrong picture
>>330609
His Persian crusade was kinda neat.
Other than that 1/10 literal pagan, would not allow in Vatican.
Great pope, if it wasn't for the plague he could have won the war.
Tell me about Brittany, what kind of interesting happenings took place in there?
Was their culture stranger to French culture?
Is it still different?
>>330507
>Was their culture stranger to French culture?
yes
>Is it still different?
yes, but not so much. Like the difference between Wales and England
It was a duchy of France, though with varying levels of feudal independence throughout the Middle Ages. Its people spoke a Celtic language that was brought there by mass migration of Britons (mostly Welsh) during the Dark Ages, but that didn't really make it special since most of France had non-French regional languages.
Today it's just the same as the rest of France. 1% of the population knows how to speak Breton, but those are all young hipsters who learned it from scratch. Basically Parisians LARPing as ancient Celts.
>>330507
>what kind of interesting happenings took place in there
Be friend with the french, the english are upset ; be friend with the english, the french are upset. Be friend with none, both are upset.
>Was their culture stranger to French culture?
It was in the past when britons settled in the 4th and 5th century, and remained different until maybe the 16th century when France annexed it. Still today the breton culture exists, but is very weak.
t. breton
Post pretty maps
previous thread >>318709
>>330492
Have some more political divisions
>>330522
This would be more fun if they included covert funneling
What can you tell me about the templars.
Are they an ancient yet misteryous organization that tries to control the world?
Pic. Related, a character from one videogame where the templars recruit him to fight on the seven years war.
>>330329
hmm not sure if troll. but no OP, the templars historically were a crusading order. that is, it was an organization of elite warriors funded by european monarchs to defend the holy land.
the costuming in these games pisses me the fuck off. Why does everything have to have modern 'cool' design sensibilities. It never feels natural, it always just looks like the character is cosplaying in the time period, and the only way they managed to counteract them standing out like a sore thumb is by exaggerating the other character designs in a similar fashion.
I'll start.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Shanina
>>330292
>Soldier
>Good
Don't you mean efficient?
>>330292
The ones who were smart enough to help out in areas where they were actually needed and useful.
>>330292
>inb4 the thread is basically just WW2 Soviet women
Ok, bitches, let's start and argument.
Choose a side: analytic philosophy or continental bullshit
Go!
>>330281
>argument
define ''argument''
analytic FTW!
>>330284
well, not in the well reasoned exchange of views sense
obviously not in the sense used in formal logic
>I think therefore I am.
>"I" is the first word of the sentence
>"I" is already presupposed to exist
>it's literally begging the question
How is your first year at University treating you?
>>330154
>cogito Ergo sum
Not
>ego cogitar, Ergo ego sum
You need a better translation
>>330154
good anlytical philopoopy
>You mean you study history and philosophy as a hobby .... that's cool... I guess *teehees and not very subtle groping noises in the background*
Me on the right.
Arr rook da same.
>>330062
What's with all the prosthetic noses? Is this a leper colony?
Why do liberals love to talk about how great the ancient arabic and african empires were? At the same time they rage against the imperialism and human rights violations of western european nations throughout history. Do they think Mali or the Ottoman Empire was some kind of liberal utopia? Or pre-European America was just perfect paradise? lol
>>330011
Because they love to self-flagellate. They have a deep-rooted self-hatred and express it by diminishing the accomplishments of europeans and completely blowing out of proportion the accomplishments of non-whites.
>>330013
>>>/tumblr/
>>>/reddit/
Is "Muslim" an ethnicity, rather than a religious affiliation, like Jewish people?
For example, if there's ethnic tensions and a sizable Muslim population, wouldn't someone's parents being Muslim cause them to be ethnically affiliated with the Islamic world even if they aren't devout themselves? I mean, many Jews are Atheist but still considered "Jews", and would probably still be if there was an extreme nationalist government.
>>329976
No, Islam explicitly states that (like Christianity) it has no racial or ethnic connectations and is designed to draw converts. Although it has a strong Arab bias due to the language of it's holy book and it's culture of origin.
Tying them to race is not impossible though, just highly contextual, e.g. Muslims in Yugoland.
>Is "Muslim" an ethnicity?
No. You believe, or you don't
As you can see from pic related, these people come from different places of the earth, look different and have different cultures but still share the same religion.
Can someone enlighten me on the 'Barbarian' Germans? How civilized were these people? Did they have agriculture? Hygiene? Just curious.
>>329892
>Germans
REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
Germany as a whole is separated from the Galli, the Rhaeti, and Pannonii, by the rivers Rhine and Danube; mountain ranges, or the fear which each feels for the other, divide it from the Sarmatae and Daci. Elsewhere ocean girds it, embracing broad peninsulas and islands of unexplored extent, where certain tribes and kings are newly known to us, revealed by war. The Rhine springs from a precipitous and inaccessible height of the Rhaetian Alps, bends slightly westward, and mingles with the Northern Ocean. The Danube pours down from the gradual and gently rising slope of Mount Abnoba, and visits many nations, to force its way at last through six channels into the Pontus; a seventh mouth is lost in marshes.
The Germans themselves I should regard as aboriginal, and not mixed at all with other races through immigration or intercourse. For, in former times, it was not by land but on shipboard that those who sought to emigrate would arrive; and the boundless and, so to speak, hostile ocean beyond us, is seldom entered by a sail from our world. And, beside the perils of rough and unknown seas, who would leave Asia, or Africa, or Italy for Germany, with its wild country, its inclement skies, its sullen manners and aspect, unless indeed it were his home? In their ancient songs, their only way of remembering or recording the past, they celebrate an earth-born god, Tuisco, and his son Mannus, as the origin of their race, as their founders. To Mannus they assign three sons, from whose names, they say, the coast tribes are called Ingaevones; those of the interior, Herminones; all the rest, Istaevones. Some, with the freedom of conjecture permitted by antiquity, assert that the god had several descendants, and the nation several appellations, as Marsi, Gambrivii, Suevi, Vandilii, and that these are genuine old names. The name Germany, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.
I should clarify the title, Is inter-state conflict over?
I've seen a few arguments that claim that inter-state conflict has come to an end, the realities of globalisation have made war unprofitable, it is simply easier to secure resources through trade.
That combined with the fact that war is no longer considered a legitimate political tool, is it over?
It looks like we are seeing evidence of it now, the biggest wars since the fall of the cold war have been either civil wars, or a war of a state against a guerrilla force.
Some argue the future will be rife with ethnic conflict, Ignatieff's theory of the Narcissism of minor differences claims that as the differences between groups decreases, the groups will choose to focus more and more on these minor differences.
Look at Yugoslavia, it seems precisely because there was so little difference in the lives of yugoslavs that their ethnic identity became so important to them within a matter of months.
What does /his/ think? Is war between states over? Are we entering an era of blood conflict between brothers and ethnies?
I disagree with huntingtons thesis of a clash of civilisations, however his narrative is so widespread, that it may become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
>>329890
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999
>>329890
I agree that war between states is over, but I think the reason is everyone is scared to go to war because they fear nukes will get involved.
War....War never changes
Mainly:
Educate me on Polish Kingdom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Additional questions:
Was it gouverned in the same manner as Austria-Hungary?
Was is it an actual union or merely a formality?
Tell me about Polish-Hungarian union.
>>329870
Knock knock, motherfucker!
>>329870
Heeeeeere's Russia!
>>329870
>>329885
>>329886
Guys? Guys, are we splitting Poland again?
![Odovacar_Ravenna_477[1].jpg](https://i.imgur.com/kAtHTN4.jpg "Odovacar Ravenna 477[1]")
