Can someone review my AP Lang essay? It's /int/ related I swear. It's an opportunity for you to poke fun of my terrible skills.
>>58837232
post it nigga.
I'm taking college honors level shit at my uni so why not.
>>58837232
I need to learn all of multivariable calculus by 12:30 tomorrow but sure.
Progression of Urban Planning in the Modern World
2.3 billion people today live in cities worldwide. About 90% of the Earth's people live on 10% of the land. More and more people are continually flocking to metropolitan areas- abandoning their ancestral farmland and villages. The dawn of the 19th century marked a new era of humanity with the Industrial Revolution, which as a result, lead to mass migration to urban cities: a phenomenon still happening today. For many countries, however, radical social, economic, and political changes were at an all time climax. The need for expansion in the cities was very much so needed, but the government could only do so much. The catalyst for progress in cities is often the work of a visionary.
>>58837288
In terms of industrial advances in the 1800s, Spain was lagging behind their European competitors such as the United Kingdom and France. The Spanish Monarchy was very reluctant of this shift from an agricultural to industrial society. Spain was exhausted from fighting two separate Carlist Wars that tried to replace the monarchy. After basically pleading with the government, urban planner Ildefons Cerda was granted permission to plan expansions to the city of Barcelona in order to compete with European rivals attempt to bring stability. Cerda’s ultimate plan was to make Barcelona easily accessible and manageable for many people who currently live or plan on living in. In order to accomplish this goal, Cerda created “a new breed of grid based on the uniformity of correctly- and strategically-designed components: wide streets, ample intersections, and large spacious blocks” (Apodaca-Cahalane 17). Barcelona’s wide streets allowed easier mobilization to prevent future uprisings, allowed irrigation beneath the city to prevent street sewage, and created parks in the middle of every gridded block to endorse a lively attitude for everyone in the city. Cerda was beyond imaginative and ended up becoming one of first in the world to mass plan a city in such resonant and mesmerizing details. Once an organic-like city with a small population, rich history and culture, and scattered disorganized buildings spread out, Barcelona was now becoming an industrial center in Spain and one of the most prestigious metropolitan regions in the world.
>>58837232
HOLY SHIT YOU STUPID FUCK
UPLOAD IT ON MEGA OR SOMETHING
>>58837324
America experienced rapid industrialization, especially after the Civil War, in an era known as the Gilded Age of the late 1800s. People were converging to cities in massive number in search of factory labor jobs. This massive growth in city population led to an enormously wealthy upper class businessmen and nation. By 1890, Chicago was the fastest growing city in America and rose to second most populated in America rivaling New York City. In came as both shock and joy to many Americans when it was decided that Chicago would host the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1993. Lead architect and planner Daniel Burnham was to be put in charge of this grand event, but how could he do this having three years to plan the construction of one the most memorable and impactful events in the history of United States?
>>58837361
One of the main obstacles facing Burnham was location. The most spacious area in Chicago was Jackson Park, but the land was very desert-like and resting beside Lake Michigan making the soil under the sand saturated. It was a construction site nightmare in theory. Not only did they have to make land suitable for construction of a couple hundred buildings, but it also had to be visually appealing with plans of landscape shaping. Burnham, with the help of famed architect Olmsted, were able to visualize what the park would be like after they clear the land for the buildings. Their plans, especially Olmsted’s, were thought out to every little inch of the park. Olmsted’s details included aspects like “ [a] central lagoon...carving from the Jackson Park shore, leaving] an island at the center of the lagoon… every flower, shrub, and tree was deployed with an eye to how each would act upon the imagination...providing visitors with a banquet of glimpses-the undersides of leaves sparkling with reflected light” (Larson 117-118). This meticulous planning was well worth it in the end as the Chicago World's Fair captured the hearts of many visitors with the stunning landscape full of hills and lagoons. Park planning arose with urban planning in order to give the residents and visitors of cities and chance to experience the beauty of nature when surrounded by the unsightliness concrete, steel, and pollution.
>>58837402
Burnham had many meetings with other architects working on the fair discussing planning. During these planning sessions, they acknowledged some perquisites; they can design the city however they want from scratch. The board of architects decided to make a sharp contrast to the modern yet dark and filthy city of chicago: neo-classical and white. All the architects have worked in different styles and themes, but for this event they decided to be loosely uniform. At their conference, they “set a uniform height, sixty feet, for the cornice of each of the palaces of the Grand Court. Walls, roofs, domes, and arches could rise far higher, but by establishing this one point of commonality the architects ensured a fundamentally harmony among the fair’s most imposing structures” (Larson 106-107). To the architects and many others, the fair was supposed to be very aesthetic; it was supposed to represent the beauty of wealth the innovative period brought. The goal of the world fair was not only to showcase advances in technology and inventions, but to bring glory to a country and show just how beautiful America really is. Choosing neo-classical and white alludes to the grandeur of the capital and re-creating that atmosphere only showcases it more. There needs to be a level of aesthetics to captivate people across the world, and Burnham was one of the first to acknowledge this in an urbanizing world.
>>58837479
The Gilded Age was an era where businesses ran freely and government laid back. It was one of the freest times in American history, but it did have its repercussions. One of the most unsettling facts about Chicago during the late 1800s is that its water system was absolutely repulsive. The citizens had no choice but to drink the water from Lake Michigan that was riddled with decomposing animals and people, fecal matter, disposed garbage, and hundreds of different of bacteria such as cholera that caused the deaths of thousands a year. If the fair was supposed to attract millions of people, Daniel Burnham had to figure out a way to bring safe drinking water to Chicago. In order to accomplish his goals, Burnham “laid pipes in Jackson Park for two hundred springwater booths” that would be delivered through a series of pipes stretching a hundred miles to Wisconsin where he “bought a spring where fair visitors would be able to drink Waukesha springwater” (Larson 176). When planning such a wide scale architectural feats, it becomes apparent that urban planning is more than just organizing streets and planning the types of buildings that go wherever. Electricity, irrigation, sewage disposal, postal services, vegetation, and so many seemingly arbitrary aspects play an important role in organizing cities. Burnham’s success providing clean water at the fair proves just how motivated visionaries are when it comes to perfecting their work.
>>58837507
Urban Planning has always been influenced by many factors throughout the 1800s including the economy, culture, and social conditions, but it wasn’t until the aftermath of World War II that a nation’s political agenda shaped the way urban communities are planned. The fall of fascism only perpetuated the rivalry between capitalism and communism commonly represented by the United States and the Soviet Union; but how exactly does a country’s political system affect their urban planning?
>>58837541
The socialist ideas of many communist countries are a result of an unequal society observed in the 1800s. The idea was to be completely equal, not only in wealth, but in values, religion, culture, quality of life. Communism spread from Eastern Europe to all of China, North Korea, Vietnam, and many other parts of the globe. With communism, the idea of the government planning out everything arose and included cities. Instead of the works of individual visionaries or private companies, the central government planned out entire cities for the good of the people. The most noticeable thing about communist-planned cities, is their rows of dozens of dull tower block apartments that are poorly constructed yet free for everyone. Many architects noted that ‘while the actual design and construction of the apartment buildings is not part of the urban planning exercise, the height and type of the buildings, the density of the buildings and other general characteristics were fixed by the planning exercise. Besides, the entire development of the infrastructure had to be planned. This included the transportation system and the roads, water supply, sewerage, power supply, shopping centers, schools and other infrastructure” (linguateca 11). These plans were seen favorable to the government and believed what they were doing was right for the citizens; what capitalists were doing before was seen as evil and unfair. The soviets succeeded in giving everyone equal housing space with no distinctions, but that’s all it was: equal. In order to achieve this, the communist government stripped away all individuality, history, and culture from the previously cities. Others argue it is far important to be equal and same, than to be unequal and diverse.
penis
>The soviets succeeded in giving everyone equal housing space with no distinctions
No they didn't you fucking tard. Have you ever seen the Kremlin?
>>58837575
The United States’ capitalistic political and economic systems were a stark contrast to communist USSR and only perpetuated the rivalry between the two. The winners of World War II were always known as the Soviet Union and the United States, but the US suffered the least amount of casualties and had virtually no destruction in the country unlike the majority of Europe; the United States did not have to completely rebuild. This of course gave the United States a healthy boost compared to everyone else leading to a very affluent society where the middle class rose in numbers and the economy soared. With the rise wealthier citizens and the close of an industrial era, cities planning expanded once again to heights never observed before; this paved the perfect path to suburbanization. According to the American Pageant, “the house itself became more important than ever as postwar suburbanites built their leisure lives around television, home improvement projects, and barbecues on the patio. The center of family life shifted to the fenced-in backyards, as neighborly city habits of visiting the front stoop, gabbing on the sidewalk, and strolling to local stores disappeared” (Kennedy Cohen Bailey 860). The suburbs were the perfect representation of a capitalistic and wealthy society and also reflects the political agenda of the United States during the Cold War. The suburbs showcased the individuality of the American spirit that sharply opposed the uniformity of communist apartment blocks.
I don't have a conclusion yet
pls
it sucks lmao
>>58837232
Didn't read sorry lol
