http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
accept it
HOLY SHIT /POL/ BTFO, NASA JUST DEDICATED AN ENTIRE SITE TO PROVING YOU TRUMP LOVING FUCKS WRONG. HOW THE HELL CAN YOU GUYS DENY C.C. AFTER ALL THIS EVIDENCE?
>>79920080
so what?
>>79920080
Dude carbon lmao. Maybe I'm wrong but doesn't more carbon dioxide = more food for plants = more oxygen for us? Seems like a good deal desu
Better warn china
>>79920410
problem is it reflects heat, so we are first gonna have shit heat on up like a real sunuvabitch once it equalizes everywhere, then once that heat finally escapes less and less sunlight is gonna get through, plunging us into eternal winter.
>>79920410
Europe will go under water... nothing of value will be lost.
Lol, what if I do believe global climate change is reasl, but I think you're just pollution shaming? The earth can handle a little heat, buddy ;)
>>79920760
earth can, hoomans can't. That being said, humans will destroy each other long before earth gets too fucked.
>>79920840
Yeah, we're fighting wars, right now. This concept is so unimportant to humanity at the moment, and just means more tax dollars.
>BRO LE ERTH REVALUSHUN
We are at the end of an ice age, actually, but I guess even NASA has to abide by the government's agenda.
>>79920578
Underage b&
>>79920341
Typical for middle eastern halfling niggers. They shit where they eat and then they wonder why they got some shitty disease and die.
>>79920410
At higher levels than those in the "evidence", plants will die way before they can do anything to suck it out of the atmosphere. Add that to the deforestations and you will have a SHTF situation.
>>79921003
>le everybody has an agenda especially government shady groups that want more dollars
>some youtube pseudo intellectual found some shit evidence to show us that we are on the contrary actually so we won't die
>don't believe scientists they are shills
>believe youtube nuts and insane conspiracy theorists
KYS favela nigger
>>79921122
Yeah, it's unimaginable for a government agency to work for the government. I don't know what I was thinking.
>>79920663
yeah that isn't the problem, the problem is the almost nuclear winter, although personally I can't think of anything more fun to survive in
>>79921121
I turned on my trip for you to know me by, refute me, don't insult, argue, why is my logic flawed, give me evidence
>>79921256
Confirmed underage
What I want to know is what made this possible and what kind of a event would trigger this
>>79920080
As a chemist i can say that relax your asses.
>>79920080
It's almost as if (((someone))) has been releasing dangerous chemicals into our atmosphere
![[Disdain For Pink Skins Intensifies].png](https://i.imgur.com/NmDcbTx.png "[Disdain For Pink Skins Intensifies].png")
>>79921353
not an argument
you sound like a leftist, it's pathetic
>>79921250
It seems it is unimaginable for you to think that a government agency that doesn't want us to fuck ourselves up. If you forgot, they live here too.
And i saw enough shit to convince me that we're slowly fucking ourselves up. I mean we didn't have tornadoes here in Romania up until 2004-2005. Now when there's a storm and go to the nearby fields i can easily spot 1-2 tornadoes that touched down and 2-3 that didn't. Not to mention temperature fluctuations of 15C in 6-8 hours and flooding that never happened in my neighborhood happen now every 1-2 weeks. (i don't live in a shitty city either not even in a valley neighborhood)
>>79920922
true. It just makes unimportant libtards feel better about themselves when driving prius and braking about muh environment.
The truth is, europeans' and americans' lives are too quiet.
>>79921563
Do you even know what you are arguing for/against anymore? I was arguing at the fact that NASA supports that climate change is man made, not that climate change isn't happening. Did you even bother reading the link in the OP?
>leftists want to further destroy americas economy so we can go green and further rely on other countries for goods that will just produce the same if not more pollution
What do you see in this picture?
Sage
>>79921563
The sky is falling. Get your tin foil hat out to save yourself.
>>79921353
and he goes fucking silent what a surprise
And how exactly can science tell us the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide 400,000 years ago?
>only studying the data for 50 years
>its going up higher then we've ever seen guys
>trust us handrubbingman.jpg
>>79920080
Polar ice thicker than any time in decades,
>climate is real guys.
www.reddit.com - more your speed.
everyone says climate change is real.
Nobody talks about how to fix it
>>79920080
and what exactly does that tell us?
>>79921974
very easily! we can find representative air in glacial ice! did you not go into a stem field?
>>79921974
Ice cores in the antarctic hold air bubbles that show these atmospheric concentrations. The deeper you put the drill, the older in earths history you go
>>79920080
>fill a bottle with pure carbon dioxide
>it sits slightly above room-temperature
>slightly increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
>GLOBAL WARMING WE'RE DOOMED
>>79920080
Its time
>>79921974
Isotopic ratio's from ice cores senpai.
If it was a period of warmth you will have heavy more heavy H2O in your samples (e.g. Deuterium and Tritium for hydrogen, and 18O for oxygen) compared to a standard sample, such as Vienna standard mean ocean water.
The reason your sample will be enriched with heavy isotopes is because the lighter isotopes evaporate first.
>>79921699
I've read it. And an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere coinciding with arguably the second industrial revolution and post war economic boom kind of proves we are to blame.
>>79921709
Leftists, liberals and communists are not the answer to everything burger bro.
>>79921888
Wasted trips.
Evidence you can clearly see with your own eyes by just leaving your basement is now tinfoil.
lel
>>79921852
The world getting hotter since industrialization and burning of fossil fuel with an increase since mass production began.
>>79921974
>snow falls through the atmosphere
>snowflakes take CO2 particles in them
>snow sets in the polar ice caps
>snow freezes
>CO2 levels preserved
>>79920080
yet all their predictions were wrong
Millions spent for NASA to research how civilization will end but zero dollars for Apollo cucks to figure out how to remove CO2? Jesus Christ, it's not that hard to find the logical errors
>>79920080
It broke the resistance level, went up and is bullish right now. The breakout seems of speculative nature and might be a bubble. I suggest buy and hold until the second peak of a double top, then dump it, short, buy back at buttom, buy more.
Also line charts are shit, where's the candle, some indicators would be useful too.
Why should I care?
>>79920080
muh CO2
>he doesn't know that excess co2 makes the forests grow back
>sea levesl rise
>whites build dikes to handle the 2-3 meter rise
>shitskin and chinks get fucked by the floods, hurricanes, tornadoes daily
>they start losing the economic race
>temperate europe and upper half of north america make a miraculous comeback in 2050 even though everybody was shilling for china and india up until then
I, for one, welcome our new global warming overlords.
>>79921709
As a free market chap myself, I believe that if energy wasn't regulated like it is, then industry would eventually develop cheaper and better nuclear alternatives. As it currently is, anyone who wishes to get into "green" energy would be a fucking dipshit to go into nuclear, simply because of all of the red tape and the fact that they would get substantially more money from government subsidies in going with non-scalable technologies, such as solar/wind/hydro.
If the market were allowed to run it's course properly, then technologies that can ultimately profit corporations more would triumph and be perfected, with new tech being placed upon the back shelves of R&D departments for gradual development. Nuclear is substantially more profitable than solar/wind/hydro in terms of output. Without subsidies that promote a technological status quo, competition would promote new innovations.
Nuclear is the obvious next step in human energy output. It's safe if done properly and puts out plenty of energy. The next required step would be the development of better energy storage mechanisms for easier transportation/storage of excess.
>>79922458
yeah science is nifty as frick
>>79920080
Looks periodic
>>79920080
please explain the following:
why has there been widespread manipulation of temperature data in order to make it look as if the planet is warming?
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/globalwarming/11395516/The-fiddling-with-temperature-data-is-the-biggest-science-scandal-ever.html
Why when congress conducts an investigation into this manipulation does the agency responsible refuse to hand over their documents?
http://www.nature.com/news/us-science-agency-refuses-request-for-climate-records-1.18660
Why does non-manipulated satellite data show no global warming at all (pic related), this should be especially highlighted as NASA themselves in 1997 state that these readings are more accurate
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1997/essd06oct97_1/
I know this is probably a bait thread but I would still like some answers
>>79920080
Fun fact, plants grow better the more co2 there is.
>>79922371
Actually I have a MSc. in Environmental Science and work with satellite-derived hyper-spectral radiometry. Of course, it's fun trolling faggots such as yourself, because you always get worked up over it. Have a nice morning, sweetheart.
>>79922466
are you that this map is legit? My country is made of deserts ands valleys yet its not in red
>>79920080
aw sheeit nigga better plant more trees
>>79922694
hey mr.science guy answer my questions >>79922608, genuinely asking
>>79922371
Where is the link between increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and decreasing ice volume in the caps?
>>79922466
Exactly what I meant.
>>79920080
If this is the case dont fucking blame the west, fucking blame Asia and India, they're the ones killing the planet. Also the bigger issue is over population, fucking blame South America, India and Africa. Fucking shit Africa is suppose to be undergoing mass starvation yet their population has doubled, how the fuck does that make sense?
Kinda hurts to say this as a spic but fucking look at the Mexican / White ratio in America. California used to be White and now its Latino. Fucking California turning white to brown is literal fucking evidence of human effect on a population and breeding irresponsibly. The entire planet is a zombie apocalypse of over population but nooo let everyone in, "we can support them!"
More people = more smog and carbon going into the air and more cows being bred to feed burgers and tacomeat to those same fucker but nooo people aren't the problem, we dont need to fix the human element, we need green energy! Ignore the fact that irreplaceable fresh water reservoirs and forest is also being mowed down for resources and living space is getting smaller, green energy will fix that, its not like they need those same resources to fuel itself!. Fucking misguided.
>>79920080
lol, scientist already switching back to global cooling, they just want more founding so they make shit up as if fits the current weather. there was a link few days ago on drudge, but can no longer find it.
>>79922457
>tfw I've realized that the "global warming" is a bubble made to raise the CO2 levels and eventually crush them.
It time to invest into gas tanks and get some of that CO2 before the collapse, sparkling water manufacturers and garden fags gonna buy that shit in few years.
>>79921563
>gypsies dying due to climate change
>niggers starving due to climate change
>pajeets drowning due to climate change
>chinks drowning due to climate change
Tell me, why is climate change bad again?
>>79922744
I have no idea how legit it is but it's from an actual study, not just some colors thrown around. Might as well believe in it if you believe in climate change.
Global warming and CO2 emission would be good for deserts. It's only arabs and niggers that get fucked by increased temperatures. Look at Mongolia and Kazakhstan.
>>79922076
Stop lying.
>>79922824
For starters, your graph only goes back to 1979, so the only thin you can really see is a slight upward trend from 1979 to present...but big deal. What was happening before then?
Second, a lot of the weather stations where the temperature data were pulled from were next to objects that radiated heat and/or EMR, giving an inaccurate reading. A crude example: a weather station will read cooler in an open field with vegetation underneath it as opposed to the same weather station in a massive parking lot with asphalt underneath it.
Third, the types of weather stations varied. The equipment used was not consistent through out each station.
Fourth, how were the instruments calibrated, to which standard, how often and by who?
Fifth, a weather station may have been properly setup in 1979 and surrounded by vegetation, and later on maybe it was moved to the top of a building or beside a building...introducing inaccurate readings.
It all primarily came down to human induced errors, then people lying about it to keep their stupid fucking grants.
>>79922517
yea but that would mean the entire world would have to abide by what you call "the government subsidies
>>79920080
now extend the graph before 400,000 years
now explain how more CO2 will create doomsday scenarios despite the fact that we cant accurately predict weather past 3 weeks.
>>79920410
It can eventually acidify the ocean closer and closer to the surface it will eventually even eat away types of plankton leading to tropic collapse of an ecosystem that covers 70% of the planet
>>79920080
WHERE'S THE HEAT?
im ready for the nuclear winter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7wntm7QVXQ
FLORIDA IS SO HOT NOW
>>79920080
Of course it's real
Only retards who didnt attend school think other wise.
>durr whats gonna happen when I pump greenhouse emissions into the air
>durrr i dunno *thumps bible*
>>79920080
I'm not denying it + right-wing.
>>79922466
Where do you think the people in the red countries will be heading?
What will your share of that extra GDP be?
>>79920080
carbon dioxide turned my son gay
>>79923210
>conveniently ignores antarctic
>trusting NASA
I should trust the FBI too, right?
>>79923294
You do realize that this is demonstrably true, correct? In western nations which are subsidizing (heavily) the non-scalable technologies, we see little new nuclear development. The US has only 61 reactors, but we've been playing the nuclear game the longest. China hasn't been in the game as long as us, and thanks to them using our economy as a springboard to industrialize, they've finally gotten the capability to develop nuclear plants. They've got 33 reactors build and 22 plants in production right now, and if their development trend continues then they will quickly overtake our palsy 61. I can't attest to their plants quality, however you can't deny that it's impressive the amount of focus that is being put into nuclear development.
In nations that have the ability, but subsidize other techs, nuclear is the afterthought. In nations that have the ability, and don't subsidize other techs, nuclear development is prioritized.
>>79923311
You'd be surprised at how little the pH of the ocean has chanced since oceanographers started keeping records. It's on the order of 0.0002% or somethings retardedly small like that. I actually know the guy who runs the data sets for the central Pacific.
Ocean Acidfication is a meme to scare normies into investing into Al Gore and his dreams.
>>79920080
For centuries, there hasn't been 7.4 billion people poluting the Earth. Don't need a fucking graph to understand logic.
>>79923657
Are you pro-nuclear? To me, it is bat shit stupid not to implement it where it can be utilized.
>>79920080
who cares, carbon doesn't have to obey the laws of gravity, all that stupid shit liberals spew can just fly out into space
>>79924047
Solar will become the best option in the future as they keep making better panels and invent batteries that arent shit
>>79920080
Sorry, carbon dioxide has no effect on climate.
That hypothesis was discredited years ago.
>>79923552
Whites could genocide all the shitskins in a decade if they wanted to and I doubt that the modern morals would survive in such a world.
>>79924047
Yes, I'm definitely pro-nuclear. We have shitloads of fissile material that can act as fuel- far more than fossil fuels. It produces much more energy for the work invested than any fossil fuel. It's very safe if proper precautions are taken to safeguard against cooling failures. The most important thing, however, is that it can be done fucking anywhere. Long distance transportation isn't necessary if you can put a plant close enough to run a grid off of the nuclear. The reason solar isn't scalable is due to the fact that we don't have the technology to transport energy long distances, otherwise that dream of a desert covered with solar panels would be feasible. Unfortunately, it doesn't seem like there will be a major breakthrough in battery technology, or one that will sufficiently drop the price of energy transportation over massive distances. That would be a necessity to make solar a scalable technology.
As it is now, nuclear is the most important and most likely avenue we have for future energy development.
>>79923625
You realise there are two polar areas, yeah?
Antarctic and arctic sea ice thicker than in decades.
It's bullshit.
>>79920080
well, /pol/? what do you have to say for yourself now that pic related has blown your tiny racist brains away?
>>79924739
There is a lot of work being put into batteries. You think mobile phone and car companies would sit on their asses? It's going to take time though
>>79924851
>arctic sea ice thicker than in decades
No.
>>79924315
I disagree. Solar panels at their absolute best are only around 22% efficient, require a lot of land area and only work effectively up to certain latitudes where the means outweigh the costs.
You mentioned batteries, and that is an obvious choke point. The batteries will get better, but where does that battery come from? The amount of energy (derived from all the machines that run on gas and oil) to dig up, transport and convert the raw materials almost makes it pointless...which is why you must always stop and laugh at everyone you see driving a Prius.
I think for private application for single family dwellings, solar is a good option. For commercial...it's not efficient enough.
>>79925154
The future is oil made from nuclear
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/1/18/1180151/-Seawater-electricity-jet-fuel
>>79925154
I had a google doc bookmarked that broke down the various specifics into how much energy we would need now to go fully solar, and what level of battery we would need. Our batteries are horribly underdeveloped. Unless an earth shattering development is made for batteries that allows us to keep them the exact same size, but hold 100x their current charge, we won't be seeing cheap energy transportation. Perhaps if we found a way to avoid using batteries at all and instead figured out how to transport large amounts of energy without wires and such, but that just sounds like a pipe dream.
Lets not even get into the fact that we've got a rather limited supply of the materials we use to make batteries currently, which will eventually create a choke point for future innovations to overcome.
>>79925543
we need to stop burning that shit m8
>>79920080
>thinking we knew the carbon levels from four hundred thousand years ago
Never go full retard
>>79926064
The levels can be accurately measured from polar ice rods.
>>79925689
http://www.wired.com/2015/03/batteries-last-longer-arrive-really/
batteries are happening and their going to be made out of different material, this is only one example
>>79925850
technically the process is carbon neutral because you're taking CO2 out of the environment to make the oil and then burning it
>>79920578
wait what?
>>79925461
solar panels are about 30-35% efficient
>only work effectively up to certain latitudes where the means outweigh the costs.
that is a myth and not true
>>79926127
is the process not to take it from the ocean? You're moving it to the air that compounds the problem
>>79925442
I stand corrected, sir.
>>79920080
How were they measuring upper atmospheric CO2 in 400,000 BC?
Thog fart in bag, fire make fly?
>>79922919
We are fucked.
>>79926470
Ice core samples we take now and date show atmospheric carbon.
I've seen them taken and it's pretty simple science, nobody argues against it.
>>79926268
In extremely large quantities it might adjust the ratio of atmospheric vs water bound CO2 slightly. But I think (not sure exactly) it would self correct itself due to the relationship between atmospheric and water bound CO2.
Either way it's better than typical oil extraction and it would definitely be cool if they found a way to make an air filter version.
I initially looked at this because my town just built a new hydro plant thinking our energy consumption was going to increase exponentially and it instead dropped. Would be cool if they could use the extra power capacity to make gasoline instead of having to barge it in from the refinery
>>79926201
EMR is measured in watts per m^2. At the equator, the EMR experienced in a m^2 is at its truest. However, as the EMR moves along the geode toward the poles, the watts per m^2 falls off resulting in a far larger surface area needed to experience the same EMR at the equator.
Think of it like a season. Leaves on plants are solar panels. Plants grow well when the earth has tilted such that the respective area of earth is experiencing high EMR- the plants utilize this and grow. The latitudes that experience EMR over a wider area have little plant growth because the EMR is too low to sustain biological function. Solar panels work the same way.
I'll take the correction on efficiency though. Last I checked (two years ago) was of a Swiss company at around 22%.
>>79926624
Explain, then. Stratospheric carbon dioxide captured in surface ice, explain the mechanism. Or are they laughably judging by opacity alone?
>>79927032
>He doesn't know about ice core drilling.
Wow.
Where the fuck did you go to school?
Its been an established science for like 30 years now.
This thread has given me renew hopes about pol.
Thank you brothers.
Also there are nuclear technology that can use fissile fuel with shorter half-lifes. These werent pursued in the first nuclear revolution because of cold war needs for plutonium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium-based_nuclear_power
>>79927276
he reads climate denial blogs.
Also, I want add some insight into what Trump said about china and climate change. Kyoto was a large cuckening for the west and its why it failed to succeed.
Kyoto exempted the two largest polluters from targets because they claimed that being developing nations who need to industrialise, they shouldn't be held by the same standards of western nations. These two countries were china and india. They won exclusions in the protocol that allowed them to pollute regardless.
>>79921431
aliums driving tons of SUVs
>>79927276
Opacity is a great way to measure temperature at the time, but when trying to prove carbon-caused temperature changes you're using circular logic at best.
>Temperature different because carbon different, I can tell because ice shows temperature was different.
>>79927347
>That feeling when I live by a Thorium deposit large enough to power (at current levels and efficiency) the entire world for hundreds of years
>>79923552
>>79927935
It wasn't developed because scientific resources weren't there for that particular direction.
>>79928016
this is why we need border walls. canada is protected by america, so thanks americucks.
>>79920080
Global warming is as physically real as quantum superposition i.e. It's real in the mind of a Jew only.
>>79928230
>Quantum superpositioning is fake
And yet your computer works. How are those LED photons? Are they being emitted?
>>79928230
Underrated brost
>>79920080
But who was burning fossil fuesl 120 thousand years ago? Ayylmaos?
>>79927347
>>79927935
>>79928126
There's one party here interested though.
Geert Wilders has promoted it several times during televised debates.
Of course I'd rather it gets developed by the market, but with Saudis and ecomentalists choke holding alternatives, I can stand behind some gouvernment intervention for thorium.
>>79923649
When will you retards realize that if climate change was actually a problem our higher ups would do something ?
Do you really think that LE EBIL CABITALISTS want to kill us all ? That would negate their purpose and destroy their profits.
The truth is that the earth gets hotter, but scientists haven't yet reached a consensus on whether it will be bad for us. The whole "hurr durr in 10 years all ice will melt" is popsci garbage. I remember 15 years ago everybody said that in 2010 all ice would have melted and that acid raid will have destroyed everything.
Fuck off with your fearmongering.
finally a reason to go nuclear
>>79928607
>+
fuck come get me fbi-chan
>4chan summer camp when
>>79928756
>4chan Summer camp.
>Temperature is over 100 degrees
>Can't go swimming cause the pool is closed.
>>79928667
They tried and tried but various governments disagree on how to move forward. This climate change issue is proof that the globalist elite doesn't exist as one coherent government.
>>79920080
>For centuries, atmospheric carbon dioxide had never been above this line.
>For centuries
Earth is allegedly billions of years old, so they provide data for >0.001% of it's lifespan and use that as proof?
You cucks actually believe this shit?
>b-but muh ice caps
Fuck off, nigger.
>>79928667
I honestly don't care about heating/cooler since it won't change any meaningful amount in my lifetime. I do wish that more was being done to address air quality though. I hate going to places like LA where it's so bad I can smell it on my clothes for weeks afterwards. I can only imagine what it's like in China and such
>>79921852
NASA STAR
>>79929072
Huh? Are you terminally ill?
>>79920080
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus
Mars:
Composition[1]
Carbon dioxide 95.97%
Argon 1.93%
Nitrogen 1.89%
Oxygen 0.146%
Carbon monoxide 0.0557%
Average low °C (°F) −82
(−116)
Venus
Composition[1][2]
Carbon dioxide 96.5%
Nitrogen 3.5%
Sulfur dioxide 150 ppm
Argon 70 ppm
Water vapour 20 ppm
Height
(km) Temp.
(°C) Atmospheric
pressure
(atm)
0 462 92.10
Earth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth
Nitrogen N2 780,840 78.084%
Oxygen O2 209,460 20.946%
Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340%
Carbon dioxide CO2 397 0.0397% (lol)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone
>Solar System estimates
Estimates for the habitable zone(Liquit water) within the Solar System range from 0.5 to 3.0 astronomical units=150 million kilometres
From the sun:
Earth: 149.600.000 km
Mars: 227.900.000 km
Venus: 108.200.000 km
>muh size!!!
pic related
CO2 alone does not determine temperature, and even if it does, its the best ally to the white world, Greenland, Siberia and N. Canada becoming habitable farmland, meanwhile the the shitskins will suffer
>>79929061
>>b-but muh ice caps
the ice caps aren't even shrinking, they're expanding
>>79929708
You sure?
>1. Article full of hype about the famed Northwest Passage opening up (due to global warming) for shipping after Danish company Nordic Bulk Carriers made it through in 2011 and 2012, at the peak of Arctic warming on above chart:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/more-northwest-passage-travel-planned-by-danish-shipper-1.2482731
>2. Current article from Washington Post full of CYA and double speak explaining why shipping through the Northwest Passage isn’t happening any time soon. “But it’s still melting!” FUNNY!
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/09/10/why-the-northwest-passage-probably-wont-be-ready-for-shipping-any-time-soon/
>Penn and Teller on Global Warming – Video
https://youtu.be/JxJRYnQCaqc
(less than 1 min video)
>>79930232
Did you actually bother to read either article?
>Bernie laughs at Trump for not believing in “the reality of climate change” – Video
Bernie’s chuckling dismissal comes at about 1:50 into the video.
The climate has been changing for millions of years, of course. But in Bernie’s world, “climate change” means “global warming” … which he wants to blame on humans.
A silly – and dangerous – man.
http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/bernie-sanders-says-he-will-vote-hillary-clinton-n598251
>>79920080
This summer in Poland is cold as fuck. The winter was much colder and longer than it used to. Take your US devil data to the trash.
>>79920578
It doesn't. Do you have any reliable source on your bullshit science?
>>79930414
>Northwest Passage
>new research casts doubt on whether its regular use for commercial shipping will be happening any time soon. The study finds that even with declining ice overall, the waters of the Northwest Passage are still chock full of thick ice in the winter, much of which may still be able to persist in summertime, detracting from the predictability of navigation.
herpa derpa derp derp derp
>>79930651
Yes, what's your point? Do you even have a point?
>Record cold in Antarctica
>14 June 2016 – In Vostok, temperature of -80.3 degrees was recorded.
>Coldest since observations began. Meteonovosti.ru
link 1
http://hmn.ru/index.php?index=1&ts=160615112429
link 2
http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=89606&ano=2016&mes=6&day=14&hora=7&min=0&ndays=30
>>79930765
don't be obtuse
>>79921431
Solar and stellar activity in relation to where we are on our 250 Million year trip around the only way galaxy. Some parts of our trip may have way more neutron bombardment...run into stellar dust...nobody really know or understands.
Mt Washington, NH – One of snowiest Junes on record
>The mountain has received 5.5 inches of snow so far in June, said Chris Legrow, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service station in Portland, Maine.
>This makes it the sixth snowiest June on record. The June record of 8.1 inches was set in 1959.
https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/06/13/mount-washington-snow-still-falling/Qu7pKTQnz1uletzgLegJdN/story.html
Snowing in Hawaii June 14
>A dusting of snow was reported early Tuesday morning on Hawaii’s Mauna Kea, the National Weather Service said.
>Mauna Kea, a volcano on the Big Island, rises to an elevation of 13,770 feet.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/06/14/june-snow-hawaii/85867772/
Not unheard of but pretty rare to get snow on Mauna Kea in June
>>79920080
Great. When can you environmentalist cucks stop ending all nuclear energy, which is our only feasible alternative to fossil fuels until we figure out hydrogen and fusion energy?
CO2 levels below 300 are incredibly dangerous.
Plants are barely able to survive at that level. The planet could slip into total desertification at any time.
400 is good. But optimal would be 600+
Hopefully we will burn enough fossil fuels to get there.
And if we make it it will bloom and green like you have never seen before.
So step ion the gas. The planet depends on us.
CO2 cuts could lead to mass starvation, says scientist
>Decarbonizing the globe could have devastating consequences on the world’s way of life, warns M.J. Kelly, a University of Cambridge engineering professor.
>CO2 brings immense benefits
>In peer-reviewed research, Kelly argued that carbon dioxide should be considered the byproduct of the “immense benefits” of a technologically advanced society.
>Cutting carbon, said Kelly, could result in a dramatic reduction in the world’s quality of life that would usher in mass starvation, poverty and civil strife. Massive decarbonization is “only possible if we wish to see large parts of the population die from starvation, destitution or violence in the absence of enough low-carbon energy to sustain society.”
source
http://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/04/climate-accord-irrelevant-and-co2-cuts-could-impoverish-the-world-scientist.html
research study
http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FMRE%2FMRE3%2FS2329222916000039a.pdf&code=4fbfefec81f86838e332fec41a70bb64
Should'nt plant life use excessive CO2 and turn it into the biomass (if CO2 is really to blame for anything) ? Also, fuck your gay CO2 quotas. We will continue to use coal just to make you mad. Criminals.
>>79920080
This just proofs that there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They cant proof that this amount of CO2 is significant enough to change the temparature. Instead of proofing anything they just list consequenes after a short intro.
Brazil – Coldest June in Florianópolis in 115 years
>Waterfalls frozen
>Earliest winter in nearly six decades
http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/brasil/2016-06-13/florianopolis-registra-maior-frio-em-junho-dos-ultimos-115-anos.html
http://i0.statig.com.br/bancodeimagens/d3/wv/h5/d3wvh5j8kppy1uj4uqma9wrxc.jpg
>>79920080
Oy vey. Guess I better give up all the luxurious of modern life, my liberty, and pay more taxes to save all the gay baby whales. Right? That's what you want me to do? That's the solution to climate change isn't it? Give the government more power to seize from the people.
>>79931215
>Should'nt plant life use excessive CO2 and turn it into the biomass
The excess CO2 we are pumping into the atmosphere was removed from the carbon cycle over a period of hundreds of millions of years.
Also, we are rapidly deforesting the Earth.
South Africa – Snow around the country
>Weather Service has warned that this serious cold front will be followed by many more.
http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2016/06/13/In-Pictures-Snow-around-the-country
>It has been snowing heavily at the Witsieshoek Mountain Lodge in the Free State.
http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/2016/06/13/free-state.jpg/ALTERNATES/crop_973x480/Free+State.jpg
>Snow in Oxbow, Lesotho on Monday morning.
http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/2016/06/13/snow-33.jpg/ALTERNATES/crop_750x450/snow+33.JPG
>>79931171
The thing is that dying plants = more CO2 so it's a self-fixing process.
>>79931351
>muh wooden dutch shoes
you know forests grow back, don't you?
you do get grasp that concept,, I hope.
Cold kills 48 children between May and June in Peru
>4 Jul 2016 – According to the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MINSA) in this period, there were 7,569 cases of pneumonia in children under five years, with 48 deaths.
>In these regions, with localized areas above 4000 meters above sea level, the temperature reaches 18 degrees below zero in winter.
>In May, the Peruvian government declared an emergency for a period of 60 days in 14 regions of the country by because of the sharp drop in temperature in the Andes.
http://istoe.com.br/onda-de-frio-mata-48-criancas-entre-maio-e-junho-no-peru/
>>79920080
> You better all hide your tendies before they get cooked to dust-
>>79931351
>The excess CO2 we are pumping into the atmosphere was removed from the carbon cycle over a period of hundreds of millions of years.
So fucking what? It makes no difference for plants, how old is the CO2.
Save the rainforest and we will be cool.
Cold and snow kill 14 000 animals in Peru
>Authorities confirmed that most of the animals died due to the intense cold, constant frost and snow that fell in several municipalities of the province of Arequipa in southern Peru.
>4 Jul 2016 – Even llamas, animal symbol of the Andes, were unable to withstand the cold to -12 ° C and the frost that was repeated for up to 10 consecutive days.
>Due to the intense cold, schools stopped classes in various cities of the province and neighboring Andean regions above three thousand meters altitude.
>The most intense cold was observed in municipalities of the provinces of Andahuaylas and Puno, with minimum temperature at airports -7 ° C in Andahuaylas and -4 ° C in Juliaca, respectively.
http://deolhonotempo.com.br/index.php/internacional/5734-frio-geada-e-neve-matam-14-mil-animais-em-arequipa-peru
pic related
http://deolhonotempo.com.br/images/internacional/internacional-04-07-16-71.jpg
>>79931460
You realize we cut them down faster than they grow back, right? That's what deforestation means. And no amount of plant growth can keep up with our rate of CO2 emissions.
>>79931584
You don't understand, it took hundreds of millions of years for plant life etc. to store the huge amount of CO2 we are emitting now in fossil fuels. We are releaing hundreds of millions of years worth of organic CO2 in a span of a century.
>>79920080
STILL NOT CONVINCED, NO IRREFUTABLE EVIDENCE, WORLDWIDE KIKE PLOT TO TAX HUMAN ACTIVITY TO DEATH
>>79931639
>And no amount of plant growth can keep up with our rate of CO2 emissions.
Cool story bro. Warmer atmosphere means more land for plant live and hot waters for algae.
>>79931639
>>79931760
top kek
muh climate change pseudoscience is a religion for you. you actually believe that CO2 is bad for plants. There is no hope for you because you're so deep in denial and blue pill brainwashing
>>79931760
Still waiting for that source. You niggers only want to stop natural climate change to tax people and keep Canada cold. Warmer climate will be beneficial for our economy, so fuck you. No hard feelings. It's about the money.
Wow, I hate oil now.
I guess I'm now a #NuclearReactor
>>79931770
Also means more arid regions and higher sea levels.
And, again, we are deforesting the Earth.
>>79920410
Liberals will never discuss the positive effects of global warming, it completely ruins their narrative.
>>79931900
>you actually believe that CO2 is bad for plants.
I never said anything like that. Are you sure you're not functionally illiterate?
>>79920080
>only 400k year timeline
are you stupid
>>79931907
>tax
Protip: political response to science has nothing to do with whether or not that science is valid. For the record, carbon taxes are dumb.
Climate change is real and a good part of it is caused by humans. No, I am not a climate change denier. Am I still right wing even though I believe in science and reason?
>>79930986
a) Climate change does not mean that everywhere on Earth is getting warmer; it generally produces more extreme weather patterns, so this fits
b) There are still random fluctuations in all weather, what's important is the overall global trend
>>79931956
I don't give a fuck. Poland will be more than fine. Finally I will be able to farm pineapples outside.
also
>still believing in global warming instead of "drastic climate change".
>>79920080
Their "evidence" to say humans are causing climate change is to link to the IPCC report from years ago.
>>79931979
I mean even if we assume they're telling the truth it's a mixed back. It does fuck over China and Africa pretty hard in terms of climate changes and flooding, and help Canada and Russia a lot because their vast frozen wastelands get a little less frozen. I guess that's a positive outcome? Europe and most of the US get fucked almost as hard as China and Africa though.
![Easterbrook-Natural_global_warming-1024x469[1].jpg](https://i.imgur.com/6HVcQIl.jpg "Easterbrook-Natural_global_warming-1024x469[1].jpg")
>>79932007
Temperatures were warmer than today for most of the past 10,000 years
>Look at this chart
>Created by Cuffy and Clow in 1997, and based on Greenland ice core records, this chart shows global temperatures for the past 15,000 years.
>You’ll see that today’s benign climate is not even close to being the warmest on record.
>Not even close.
>Temperatures have been warmer than today for almost all of the past 10,000 years.
>Natural global warming much more intense than modern warming has occurred many times in the geologic past without CO2 change.
>The changes occurred rapidly, without any help from humans
>Fifteen thousand years ago, temperatures rose 10 to 20 degrees in just one century.
>About 12,800 years ago we plunged into the Younger Dryas. When we came out of the Younger Dryas, temperatures again shot upward, rising 15 degrees in just 40 years. Then, from about 10,000 years ago to 3,000 years ago, temperatures were warmer than today.
>Forget human influence. Cooling and warming are both natural.
>Numerous, abrupt, short-lived warming and cooling episodes much more intense than recent warming/cooling occurred during the late Pleistocene, none of which could have been caused by changes in atmospheric CO2.
FINAL WARNING: Twice as many people are killed by extreme cold than by extreme heat.
>>79920080
This is China's problem, they are the ones responsible for pollution
>>79932090
US scientists are bought. They had to sign a paper saying that global warming is a fact and everyone who disagrees needs to be destroyed. Not kidding. It happened during the W. Bush era.
Fuck all "climate scientists".
Where there is money to be made, you can find politics shilling. Like Obama.
I think climate change can be solved with the free market eventually so no need to be a denyer
>>79921431
What made future predictions possible? Humans have been doing that since the dawn of humanity.
>>79931956
arid regions are mostly due to cold ocean currents
my grammar school is finally starting to pay off after decades of this knowledge staying dormant
>>79932343
Agree as The Government is the biggest polluter out there.
But if you agree for the sake of it, leftists will expand Government which will make the free market impossible.
Can someone explain to me WHY warning is a bad thing?
>>79920080
boo hoo.
What comes up must come down.
And we don't need to spend billions giving money to scientists.
>>79932090
>man-made global warming
>natural earth cycle
pick one that is observed and backed by irrefutible data
protip: ain't the first one
![gisp-last-10000-new[1].png](https://i.imgur.com/gqEhYbw.png "gisp-last-10000-new[1].png")
>>79932152
>>79932090
>>79931760
>global temperature over past 10,000 years
muh Climate Change faggots BTFO
>>79932492
People will need less power to warm up their houses and their crops. It will also result in more food for less money. Corporations are mad as fuck.
![VostokTemp0-420000-BP[1].png](https://i.imgur.com/al7Cyc1.png "VostokTemp0-420000-BP[1].png")
>>79932622
we'll have distributed power generation soon anyway, state monopolies are also shaking in their boots
![65_Myr_Climate_Change[1].png](https://i.imgur.com/IVRdR8N.png "65_Myr_Climate_Change[1].png")
climate changers BTFO
>>79920080
Is this even a debate?
Oh wait..ofc
>>79920080
Who gives a fuck. Our poles reached maximum wobble last year and they could start shifting around again any year now. Last time was over 10,000 years ago and it caused an ice age. If this shit does actually warm the Earth, that's a good thing. Most of the time Earth is cold as shit.
What are you fags even worried about happening? Life has existed perfectly fine for millions of years. The atmosphere is like a snow globe filled with whatever shit crashed into it or gets stirred up from the inside. The climate is constantly changing.
I honestly don't know why it is so hard for people to accept the fact of global warming.
We will fuck ourselves over and out. Good bloody riddance.
>>79920663
doggerland btfo
Anyone claiming to have reliable climate data from before the 1700s on either side of the debate is talking out their ass.
>but this fossil shows a leafy shrub that obviously since it's big means there was a lot of carbon dioxide in the air
>b-but a generous reading of the geology of this exposed area of rock suggests that glaciers were precisely at this point at precisely the year 230,000 BC and from that we can use this algorithm I made up to guess the average temperature of the world based on the latitude of the ice cap based on my pretty good intuition
No. That is not science, that's wanking.
>>79920080
Literally taken from one place in the world which happens to be in Hawaii, a place with fuckloads of volcanoes.
Nice evidence.
>>79932892
People in hot places will burn alive when they walk outside
>>79920080
Really?
Never?
I didn't know that our planet is only 400.000 years old...
Why? Why are people so incredibly stupid?
>>79921431
Societies doing random shit. We aren't the first global society desu.
>>79926104
I watched an inconvenient truth too. Let's just ignore that literally everything they said was going to happen by now in the documentary hasn't happened, and carbon levels have actually started decreasing since then.
>>79920080
carbon dioxide is good for the environment
>>79920080
Onepostbythisid
>>79920578
The trouble with teaching kids the greenhouse effect is that you have to dumb it down a ton to explain it to them, so what you're saying is incorrect.
What happens is that most of the light coming from the sun is high-frequency (UV), and so warms up the Earth via radiation. But as the Earth is much cooler, it emits much lower-frequency light (IR). This low frequency light is easily absorbed by carbon compounds in the atmosphere such as CO2 and methane (hence why IR light is used for organic spectroscopy), preventing a lot of energy from escaping, so the Earth heats up.
Given the size of the Earth's surface, and water's quite high specific heat capacity, ridiculous quantities of energy are involved in raising the average temperature by a degree or two. These large quantities of energy reduce the average amount of ice at the poles over the year (as it changes cyclically), thus increasing average sea levels, leading eventually to low-lying highly populated cities going under, displacing their residents. According to the World Bank, these are the most important cities at risk of flooding:
1) Guangzhou; 2) New Orleans; 3) Guayaquil, Ecuador; 4) Ho Chi Minh City; 5) Abidjan; 6) Zhanjing; 7) Mumbai; 8) Khulna, Bangladesh; 9) Palembang, Indonesia; and 10) Shenzen.
Now imagine the refugee crisis, but bigger by a couple of orders of magnitude.
>>79922919
>Africa is suppose to be undergoing mass starvation yet their population has doubled, how the fuck does that make sense?
gibs
the only good thing I can think of as the result of CO2 nazis is accelerated development of turbo gasoline engines, I don't like diesels at all
Easter Islands, the only and best example of humanity's destiny.
>>79928016
Did somebody say secure our borders???
>mfw climate is always changing
>mfw i realized its a tactic used my commies to control and regulate shiet.
>>79920080
Make no mistake, climate change is real, and it will destroy us all. But not in the way leftists think.
Arid zones in Africa that are barely habitable now will turn into a wasteland. And guess where the niggers living there are headed? I can see it before my eyes right now.
>sure, our welfare system will collapse and white people will be an endangered species, but it's our fault these poor people don't have a home anymore. They were kings until global warming destroyed everything they had. We must take them all in!
>>79929627
>CO2 alone does not determine temperature, and even if it does, its the best ally to the white world, Greenland, Siberia and N. Canada becoming habitable farmland, meanwhile the the shitskins will suffer
ypu owe us white ppl... pls... gibsmedat...
>>79920080
alright, you've done it
i completely and 100% believe that the climate is changing and it's man's fault
good luck dealing with it because i'm sure as hell not going to help or vote for the government to intervene in it
>>79923228
>posting the reddit dog
Ok newfag
>weather stations where the temperature data were pulled from were next to objects that radiated heat and/or EMR
Many, many decades ago this was not factored out but generally measurement methods have taken into account any thermal isolation by either carefully placing the thermometer in an area where the time of day for minimal radiative effects is known or having a baseline skew correlated with multiple sample points to subtract with.
>Third blahblah
Temp measuring is temp measuring, and so long as the equipment is properly calibrated and maintained it should not and does not matter the type or anything else.
>Fourth
ASTM Intl.
>Fifth
You're implying that highly trained people using delicate and expensive equipment just throw that stuff around to wherever they need it to be, without doing anything at all to compensate for both the unsettled equipment and the new environment,
You're the fool here.
Good day.
>>79933887
>le good day le tipping my hat at you my good sir
:^)
facetious gentlemanly verbosity is 10x more reddit than that fucking dog
Coincidence? I think not
>>79920209
Not just NASA. The Royal Society and your NAS have both done the same.
>>79921003
And this results in rising co2 how?
>>79932413
It's this kind of shit that has made kids so fucking misguided. They have never formed an opinion for themselves based off of real life experiences. The only way they know how to learn is by being a mindless drone that needs other people to tell them what to think.
Science has been turned into a fucking cult. If a scientist has a theory or idea, retarded faggots take it as absolute, and irrefutable fact. They aren't even bothered to look into it themselves, and scientist said it so it's true. This is like cool aid tier retarded.
>>79933985
Go be a cocksucker somewhere else. I was refuting the points plain and simple.
>>79920578
Problem is you're talking out of your ass. Sauce.
>>79934174
What happens with sparkle water when you put it opened into the hot sun in summer?
/pol/ as the retards they are can't separate politics from real science, that means it will deny the sun is there if it aligns with their political compass
>>79922048
They've got 150 years of decent temp records. 50 years just comers the space age (weather satellites)
>>79929627
The greenhouse effect varies surface temperature by less than 10 degrees Celsius, and you're trying to compare its effect on planets with 100 degree differences and entirely different atmospheric compositions? Are you fucking retarded?
Why do people with no scientific background whatsoever in the relevant field always give their say in scientific matters?
See >>79933265
>>79933030
people in hot places btfo
>>79934277
Belgian asshat did not even look at a single information posted in this thread.
Remain in your bubble. Die inside it.
>>79922159
First, new climate summit with one goal. Agreeing a maximum level of co2 we will accept (I'd go for 450) then deciding and agreeing upon measures (both carrot and stick) to ensure this is achieved. With carbon capture tech, even limiting ourselves to 450, we'll have 40 years minimum growth at our current levels. Plenty of time for all parties to act.
>>79934190
>Says the liberal arts major
>Says the guy who has no idea how peer-reviewed articles work
>Says the leaf
>>79922466
You've probably never seen a nigger before have you? Well if this really bites there'll be a billion of the cunts fleeing north.
>>79934391
>china will tear down its low-tech industry because western hippies are butthurt
Friend, you can't just tell people to stop succeeding. China would care about an international carbon law as much as it cares about international human rights laws.
>>79922608
Got a source for that RSS graph? Cause RSS place 4 of the hottest years on record after 2010.
>>79934424
>liberal arts major
college is for fags lamo
>Says the guy who has no idea how peer-reviewed articles work
articles are all shills
>Says the leaf
says the bong
>>79920080
HMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
>>79934335
You call unverified shitty images """"information"""""" instead of verified peer-reviewed papers? Read a book or two Fritzl. Assclown
>>79934459
Even in your climate change poltergeist scenario it is predicted that the melting of sweet water will cause the golf stream to stop warming up northern regions and subsequently a new cold period will start...
You don't even know about the theory you are defending.
>>79931979
US, EU, Russia, Japan ... all the civilized countries mostly benefit from a bit of warming (ignoring the rich faggots who like to build near beaches and rivers).
The problem is the overpopulation in the world is in all the other places. Not that warming has contributed much to their problems. The impact of overpopulation is orders of magnitudes more relevant than climate change.
Still, the kikes use the warming as propaganda "look you caused problems for them, now you have to let them all immigrate".
>>79920578
So where does all this carbon dioxide come from?
It came from the atmosphere, was absorbed by plants and then deposited as hydrocarbons fossil fuels.
When we burn it, it just returns to its original state.
We cannot create more CO2 than what already existed in the atmosphere before.
Carbon dioxide is now at 400 ppm why wasn't the world plunged into eternal winter when it was at 2000 ppm? Instead the earth was covered in dense forrests and jungles.
There was so much fauna and flora at 2000ppm that virtually all of the fossil fuels we use today was depsisted at that time.
Have you ever been at industrial scale greenhouses? They pump in CO2 at about 1200 ppm, which makes plants grow bigger and faster.
Even if we kept on burning fossil fuels for another 500 more years we would not come close to 2000 ppm. In anyways most fossil feuls will already be depleted in within the next 200 years.
And even if climate becomes so chaotic that millions of people die, so what?
The human race is in serious need of culling. Most of these problems will solve itself if there are fewer people on earth.
>>79934459
>>79934601
"unverified"
>>79934530
China is not self sufficient, US and EU combined can force through just about anything based on trade agreements if they really want to.
>>79934530
>I'll mock his position by putting it in green text.
Except like, China is doing something about it.
http://ecowatch.com/2016/01/10/china-bans-coal-mines/
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-30/china-to-suspend-new-coal-mine-approvals-amid-pollution-fight
And we're still way worse per capita.
>>79922694
So. In your opinion. AGW. real or no real?
>>79932563
"Easterbrook plots the temperature data from the GISP2 core, as archived here. Easterbrook defines “present” as the year 2000. However, the GISP2 “present” follows a common paleoclimate convention and is actually 1950. The first data point in the file is at 95 years BP. This would make 95 years BP 1855 — a full 155 years ago, long before any other global temperature record shows any modern warming. In order to make absolutely sure of my dates, I emailed Richard Alley, and he confirmed that the GISP2 “present” is 1950, and that the most recent temperature in the GISP2 series is therefore 1855."
tl;dr Your data only goes from ~10,000 BC to 1850.
Global warming is real and it's caused by humans, mainly Chinese ones. We can't do anything about it so we might as well enjoy life for now because there is no future.
>>79922919
Nobody ITT blames 'the west' exclusively. While China and India are polluting like fuck today, we've still put more out over the course of time than they have. Most pressure need be applied to them but having the US say 'the science is false' gives the impression the US has no intention of acting itself. So why should India and China?
Canada will benefit from warming the most. Can't wait for Yukon to be nice and warm in the future and no Africans can flee here when they melt in the hot sun
>>79934749
>AGW
Huge bullshit to create fear driven morons who willingly pay more taxes.
>>79934680
Remember when they said in the 90s that ~2015 the polecaps would be completely melted and the dutch would all be dead?
Yeah that was fun.
>>79921923
You're a stupid nigger who's both underage and historically ignorant.
>>79920080
Cherry picking.
>>79934634
>We cannot create more CO2 than what already existed in the atmosphere before.
Lol, yeah we can dipshit. Only noble gasses are forever stuck in place. Did you even pay attention in highschool? CO2 is CARBON and OXYGEN and we can use them separately and we can create new CO2
>>79934577
>Articles are shills
So you distrust all of modern science, as it must be a conspiracy. I now know to disregard any replies you post. Thank you.
>>79923299
>co2 is a greenhouse gas
>human activity leads to accumulation of co2
>>79934680
Your religious "observations" stop in 2012. The models (aka science) are off the chart.
Science wins.
