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Old English notes
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Alright /lit/ I'm gonna dump all of my notes on Old English. Lemme know what you think.

g = y
c = ch
-cg, gg = -dge
-sc = -sh
-h (middle or end) = guttural -ch

-e + vowel = -e + uh

Đ, ð = -th as in thick or thin

ā, a = fAther
ǣ, æ = mAn
ē = thEy
e, ę = lEt
ī = wIsdom
i = hIt
ō = nOte
o, ǫ = nOt
ū = rUle
u = pUt
y, ȳ = ü

First declension: (order of singular - plural)

Nominative: Mūð - Mūðas
Genitive: Mūðes - Mūða
Dative: Mūðe - Mūðum
Accusative: Mūð - Mūðas
Instrumental: Mūðe - Mūðum

First declension nouns:

Mūð - mouth
Fiscere - fisher
Hwæl - whael
Mearh - horse
Finger - finger
>>
Articles: (these are "the"; the article "a" is nonexistent in OE)

Masc.
Nominative: Sē
Genitive: Đæs
Dative: Đǣm
Accusative: Đone
Instrumental: Đȳ,ðon

Fem.
Nominative: Sēo
Genitive: Đǣre
Dative: Đǣre
Accusative: Đā

Neut.
Nominative: Đæt
Genitive: Đǣs
Dative: Đǣm
Accusative: Đǣt
Instrumental: Đȳ,ðon

Plur.
Nominative: Đā
Genitive: Đāra
Dative: Đām
Accusative: Đā

Vocabulary:

Sē bōcere - scribe
Sē cyning - king
Sē dæg - day
Sē ęnde - end
Sē frēodōm - freedom
Sē fugol - bird
Sē gār - spear
Sē heofon - heaven
Sē hierde - herdsman
Ǫnd - and
Sē sęge - man
Sē stān - stone
Sē wealh - Welshman, foreigner
Sē weall - wall
Sē wīsdōm - wisdom
Sē wulf- wolf
>>
>>7423419
Personal pronouns:

First person singular (I)
Nominative: ic
Accusative: mec/mē
Genitive: mīn
Dative: mē

First person plural: (we)
Nominative: wē
Accusative: ūisc/ūs
Genitive: ūre
Dative: ūs

Second person singular: (you)
Nominative: ðū/þū
Accusative: ðēc, ðē/þēc, þē
Genitive: ðīn/þīn
Dative: ðē/þē

Second person plural: (you)
Nominative: gē
Accusative: eowic, ēow
Genitive: ēower
Dative: ēow

Second person dual: (this is also the word "you" but in the sense of only two people)
Nominative: git
Accusative: incit, inc
Genitive: incer
Dative: inc

Third person singular: (he/she/it)
Nominative: hē/hit/hēo
Accusative: hine, hit, hīe
Genitive: his/his/hire
Dative: him/him/hire

Third person plural: (they)
Nominative: hīe/hēo
Accusative: hīe/hio
Genitive: hierę/hiera
Dative: him/him
>>
>>7423416
old english is gay as fuck thats why we got a new one
>>
>>7423422
Second declension:

Nominative: hof - hofu
Accusative: hof - hofu
Genitive: hofes - hofa
Dative: hofe - hofum
Instrumental hofe - hofum

Not all nouns decline like this, though.
Some have the same nominative and accusative, so pay attention to the plural and singular nominative and accusative cases when looking at the noun declensions

Second declension nouns:

Hof - court, dwelling
Bearn - child
Bān - bone
Rīce - kingdom
Spere - spear
Werod - band of men
Tungol - star

Conjugation of habban: to have

The present acts as the future tense in Old English by means of time indicators. I.e., "I have tomorrow" = "I will have (tomorrow)"

Present/future:
Ic hæbbe
Đū hæfst
Hē/hit/hēo hæfað
Wē habbað
Gē habbað
Hīe/hēo habbað

Đū hæfst ðæs cyninges bearn - you have the king's child/children
Literally: you have of the of the king's child/children

Preterite (past):
Ic hæfde
Đū hæfdest
Hē/hit/hēo hæfde
Wē hæfdon
Gē hæfdon
Hīe/hēo hæfdon

Đæt rīce hæfde frēodōm - the kingdom had freedom
>>
>>7423428
Vocabulary:
Đæt dæl - dale
Đæt dēor - animal
Đæt dor - door
Đæt fæt - vessel
Đæt fȳr - fire
Đæt gēar - year
Đæt geoc - yoke
Đæt geset - settlement
Đæt hēafod - head
Đæt hūs - house
Đæt līc - body
Đæt lim - limb
on + dative - in
Đæt spor - track
Đæt wǣpen - weapon
Đæt wīf - wife
Đæt wīte - punishment
Đæt word - word

Third declension:

Nominative: giefu - giefa
Accusative: giefe - giefa
Genitive: giefe - guefa
Dative: giefe - giefum
Instrumental: giefe - giefum

Conjugation of bēon: to be

Present:
Ic eom/bēom
Đū eart/bist
Hē/hit/hēo bið
Wē sind/bēoð
Gē sind/bēoð
Hīe/hēo sind/bēoð

Preterite:
Ic wæs
Đū wǣre
Hē/hit/hēo wæs
Wē wǣron
Gē wǣron
Hīe/hēo wǣron

The second forms of the present tense are mostly used to show usage of the future tense
>>
>>7423431
Vocabulary:

Sēo brycg - bridge
Sēo costnung - temptation
Sēo cwalu- death
Sēo fōr - journey
Sēo frōfor - consolation, comfort
Hwā? - who?
Hwær? - where
Sēo lufu - love
Sēo mearc - boundry
Sēo mēd - meed, reward
Sēo geoguð - youth
Sēo glōf - glove
Sēo hālignes - holiness
Sēo heall - hall
Hēr - here
Sēo mildheortnes - mild-heartedness, mercy
Sēo stōw - place
Đǣr - there
Sēo ðearf - need
Sēo wylf - she-wolf

Feminine third declension:

Nominative: fręmu - fręma
Accusative: fręme - fręma
Genitive: fręme - fręma
Dative: fręme - fręmum
Instrumental: fręme - fręmum

Masculine/feminine fourth declension:

Nominative: sunu - suna/duru - dura
Accusative: sunu - suna/duru - dura
Genitive: suna - suna/dura - dura
Dative: suna - sunum/dura - durum
Instrumental: suna - sunum/dura - durum
>>
>>7423434
Fourth declension nouns:

Sēo flōr - floor
Sēo nosu - nose
Se sumor (gen. sumeres, dat. sumera) - summer
Sē winter (gen. wintres, dat. wintra) - winter
Sē wudu - wood, forest

Verbs:

Stǫndan - to stand
Cuman - to come
Grōwan - to grow
Brūcan + genitive - to enjoy
Blāwan - to blow
Feallan - to fall
Weorpan - to throw
Cēosan - to choose
Cweðan - to say
Beran - to bear
Swimman - to swim
Winnan - to fight
Weorðan - to become
Rīdan - to ride
Brēotan - to break
Feohtan - to fight
Sprecan - to speak
Gān - to go

Masculine/feminine/neuter fifth declension

Nominative: hunta - huntan/tunge - tungan/ēage - ēagan
Accusative: huntan - huntan/tungan - tungan/ēage - ēagan
Genitive: huntan - huntena/tungan - tungena/ēagan - ēagena
Dative: huntan - huntum/tungan - tungum/ēagan - ēagum
Instrumental:huntan - huntum/tungan - tungum/ēagan - ēagum
>>
>>7423438
Vocabulary:

Sē adesa - hatchet
Sē ǣmetta - leisure
Sē bǫna - murderer
Sēo cirice - church
Sē cnapa - boy
Sē cuma - stranger
Đæt ēare - ear
Sēo eorðe - earth
Sē gefēra - companion
Sē guma - man
Sēo heorte - heart
Gescieppan - to create
Giefan + dat. of direct object) - to give
Healdan - to hold
Sē mōna - moon
Sēo nǣdre - adder
Sē oxa - ox
Sē scēowyrhta - shoe-maker
Sēo sunne - sun
Sē tēona - injury
Biddan + dat. of person and gen. of thing - to ask
Cwelan - to die
Scęððan + dat. - to injure
Wiðstǫndan + dat. - to withstand
Helpan + dat. - to help
Wrītan - to write
Ac - but
Būtan + dat - except, but, without
Sē Crīst - Christ
Sē eorl - earl, alderman, warrior
Đæt Ęnglalǫnd - England
Faran - to go
Findan - to find
Sē God - God
Hātan - to call, name
Sē hlāford - lord
Mid + dat - with
On + acc - on, against, into
Tō + dat - to
Uton + infinitive - let us
>>
>>7423442
Đēs, ðēos, ðis - this

Singular

Nominative: ðēs/ðēos/ðis
Accusative: ðisne/ðās/ðis
Genitive: ðisses/ðisse/ðisses
Dative: ðissum/ðisse/ðissum
Instrumental: ðȳs

Plural

Nominative: ðās
Accusative: ðās
Genitive: ðissa
Dative: ðissum

Interrogative pronouns: hwā (who) hwæt (what)

Nominative: hwā/hwæt
Accusative: hwone/hwæt
Genitive: hwæs/hwæs
Dative: hwǣm/hwǣm
Instrumental: hwȳ

Đe - indeclinable particle used to express the relative pronoun

"The bird which I have" can be expressed as:

Sē fugol ðe ic hæbbe - The bird which I have
Sē fugol ðone ic hæbbe - The bird the I have
Sē fugol ðone ðe ic hæbbe - The bird the which I have

Indefinite pronouns:

Ǣlc - each, every
Ān - a, an, one
Ǣnig - any
Nǣnig - none
Ōðer - other
Sum - one, a certain one
Swilc - such

And that is it
>>
You should use IPA or something of the sort for the pronunciation. It's a bit better than just comparing the sounds to parts of words.
>>
>>7423493
I know but not everyone can read IPA and I want anyone who is able to read to be able to read this
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