Should I read the Quran? Is it translated into the infidel's English?
>>7436519
>Should I read the Quran?
There's no practical or intellectual reason to read it. Only do it if you are curious I guess.
>>7436519
Seyyed Hossein Nasr's The Study Qur'an is the best. If not the Cambridge Companion. If simple translation, then Arberry, Qara'i, or Pickthall.
>mfw we all have to read the quran now because people are blowing shit up
>mfw if scientologists were blowing shit up we'd have to read hubbard's sci-fi novels
>>7436531
Oh and if you want to listen to the Arabic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUfjk9jg1dA&list=PLjv6Ot2WHPHKdux5peRPZ2qRPpl0lC7es
http://www.mp3quran.net/eng/yasser_english.html
You can if you want to. It's not that interesting. Very dry, not really convincing or sound theologically. It's purely entertainment///to see where islamic people's views come from.
>>7436547
>Oh and if you want to listen to the Arabic
Oh I don't, not at all.
>>7436547
And if you care about hermeneutics/exegesis (tafseer):
http://www.almizan.org/
http://www.almizan.org/
If you care about grammar stuff:
http://corpus.quran.com/
If you care about compilation history:
https://althaqalayn.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/al-bayan-ayatullah-khui.pdf
That's all the basic resources I have
>>7436531
Not Abdel Haleem?
>>7436659
>Abdel Haleem
I haven't read his translation. Do you recommend it? Why?
>>7436727
I haven't read it either, but as I've been getting ready to read the Quran it's the one I hear the most about. Apparently it's very good, but I read an interview where the translator (Haleem) appeared to be implying that he softened the translation to make its presentation of God more positive. Made me wary. I won't have time to actually read it for a while, but for me it's between Arberry and Haleem, so I was curious why you picked the former over the latter. Maybe I think Haleem is more well-known than he actually is, this isn't my field ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
>>7436745
Arberry is more of a historical one and since he's non-Muslim he might be seen as more "trustworthy" to laypeople (taqiyya/kitman nonsense). He also attempts to infuse a literary style that's somewhat elegant into his translation.
Pickthall attempts to make a KJV-type translation.
Qara'i has a clean, simple translation.
Hossein Nasr's is a straightforward translation as it McAuliffe's and their versions have commentary for greater depth. Both are prized in academia and the former is recent and has good reviews.
>>7436745
Oh and I don't know much about Abdel-Haleem. I'm downloading three books of his right now including his translation. Might be interesting. Thanks for the rec.
>>7436752
I really appreciate the commentary aspect. I'm sure the Quran is much like the Bible in that you'd get very little out of reading it through straight with no exegesis or apologetics. Starting to swing towards Nasr based on what you're saying, but shit's $40 on Amazon.
>>7436761
For sure bro, hope you enjoy. Since you seem to be knowledgable about this stuff, while I still have you, do you have any guidance for how to start a study of Islamic theology in general? I know that's a big question. Is reading the Quran+commentary the best way to go, or are there some good introductory works? And what's the path look like after that?
>>7436765
You can get the epub here via proxy and the Cambridge companion is available pdf form through our typical download sites
http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=80990e799e4b95bcb2691bb9d75267f3
Also altafseer and al-mizan linked above are sort of advanced but if you have some concept of Islamic theology, it might be enlightening to see where the Islamic hermeunitic tradition comes from
>>7436767
If you're like very basic, then get an Intro to Islam book at a college. I don't know of too many except Dan Brown's intro and Alex Knysh's Islam through history since that's what I think is used in the department here for students.
If you're interested in Shia theology, which I am much more fluent in, then there are basic texts you can read from early scholars
These are basic for kids/converts/non-Muslims:
Shaykh as-Saduq (major primary scholar)
http://www.wofis.com/Publications.aspx?bookID=4
Shaykh al-Mufid (his student, started the rationalist tradition in Shiism)
http://www.wofis.com/Publications.aspx?bookID=52
Shaykh at-Tusi (Mufid's student, total boss)
http://shiitecenter.com/File/113/10/117107_Tenets%20of%20Islam(Kids).pdf
>>7436785
Thank you so much! I am very very basic, haha, I will be combing through all of these in due time, very helpful. God bless.
>>7436785
Oh also Allamah al-Hilli's (11c) Bab al-Hadi al-Ashar
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dGFzaGF5eXUub3JnfHd3d3xneDozY2RjMTk3MTE1Yzg5MTE3
>>7436789
Yeah no problem. If you're interested in law, I can provide more academic works for that if that's something you want to look at after getting basic theology down
>>7436797
Like Islamic law you mean? Shariah? Absolutely, if you don't mind I'll pick up whatever you put down. Please do.
>>7436802
Alright. I'm a huge fan of Robert Gleave so first his stuff
>Islamic Law: Theory and Practice
>Islamic Law in Theory: Studies on Jurisprudence in Honor of Bernard Weiss
>Islam and Literalism: Literal Meaning and Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory
>Scripturalist Islam: The History and Doctrines of the Akhbari Shi'i School
>Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qur'an to the Mongols
Then
>Calder's Islamic Jurisprudence in the Classical Era
>Hallaq's A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Usul al-fiqh
>Hallaq's Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations
>Harvard Series' The Islamic School of Law: Evolution, Devolution, and Progress
>Sadr's Lessons in Islamic Jurisprudence
>Weiss' The Spirit of Islamic Law
>Motzki's The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh Before the Classical Schools
Hallaq and Sadr are by far simplest. I like studying Islamic law as you can tell
If you're also interested in hadith authentication and hadith theory in Islamic law
Jonathan AC Brown--youtube vids, his books
I really like him too
As for philosophy muslimphilosophy.com
I think that's all I have to give
>>7436822
Goddamn, thank you, this is excellent. I'll read the Quran alongside some of the supplementary material you mentioned earlier, then get straight into this. Semester can't end fast enough, thanks again!
>>7436848
No problem. :)
Remember that Islam is pretty much Qur'an+hadith+scholarly interpretation+cultural/tribal practice+personal views. So an intro text is really the way to go and commentaries to go along with the Qur'an are pretty essential. Also these are mind and I recommend them if you want to take a look >>7436557 >>7436562 >>7436547
Have fun and good luck with your exams.
Ma' as-salaama
>>7436856
Thank you, I will keep all that in mind, you've been very informative and helpful. Allah salmik :)
>>7436879
تدرس العربية؟
>>7436888
Haha no, just know a few phrases!
>>7436942
Oh, OK. Allah baraka feek
حذف کباب
>>7438396
.تحتاج إلى العمل على القواعد، يا صديقي
استخدام الفعل الماضي لا يشكل الأوامر
لول
>>7436519
yes to understand why kebeb need removal.
Jordan is the prime example of why American negroes need socialism rather than progressive liberalism.
>>7441082
>>7441085
Are you denying that Jordan is one of the greatest exploiters of poor urban blacks, anon?
>>7436530
>second to only the Bible in being the most influential book in history
>not 'intellectual' or 'practical'
Why not just admit that you don't like brown people.
>>7441262
Where is your pic from?
>>7441262
>turn to page 72 even if you agree or disagree
>close the book
>>7441290
It's a joke about the illusion of free will. You think you have a choice but you don't. Come on man.
>>7441297
But that's what I wanted to argue about.
>>7436519
Similar to the Iliad, the verses of the Qur'an are absolutely trashed by translation.
>>7441275
>http://www.lukesurl.com/archives/comic/280-calvinism-but-no-hobbes
Not an actual book unfortunately and his other comics seem pretty lame. A super self-aware and tongue in cheek, philosophical choose-your-own-adventure book would be the shit though.
>>7441335
>http://www.lukesurl.com/archives/comic/280-calvinism-but-no-hobbes
Aww. :s
>A super self-aware and tongue in cheek, philosophical choose-your-own-adventure book would be the shit though.
Yeah it would be an extremely fun novelty item and great for kids.
neat
bump....
>>7443452
Didn't I provide enough books? Why did you bump the thread? :s
If the Islam specialist is still in the house? Tell me about why conservatives like to demonize Islam, was Mohammed a child molester pimp etc etc and does the Quran really preach violence towards non believers?
>>7436544
>he hasn't read Dianetics
>he hasn't read Battlefield Earth
>>7443960
>conservatives like to demonize Islam
Fear, ignorance.
>Mohammed a child molester pimp
One of his wives A'isha was 9 at the consummation of marriage. Others were older. It was normal then and is still acceptable in some more poorer places in the Middle East and North/East Africa (usually among Bedouin tribes and in Yemen). I recommend Lings' Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources.
>does the Quran really preach violence towards non believers
It says war when necessary, peace when necessary. If non-believers attack Muslims, then the Qur'an calls for war against those that do and if they surrender or ask forgiveness, it's best to let them go. And the smaller jihad (to spread Islam) according to Shi'a sources is not allowed without the Imam and their Imam is in ghayba so no that type of jihad for them and for Sunnis you need a Caliph to declare that jihad, which they don't have but al-Baghdadi has declared himself so wrongfully based on their theology. Defensive jihad is allowed without Imam/caliph which is how terrorist groups usually defend their actions theologically (America has been attacking us for decades and supporting dictators! It's defense!). And then you have Qutbi ideology which includes the idea that voters for democracy are complicit in actions of the government so all Americans are culpable and are not innocent individuals. Because they aren't innocent, then according to these Qutbists, "defense" against them is allowed. Killing innocent individuals is not allowed in Islam at all but through these legal distortions by extremists, they try to make innocent people guilty of crimes and thus have their blood be allowed. You see this with Da'ish/ISIS with how they have a Khwarij/takfiri mindset with declaring Muslims infidels if they don't practice a certain action or if they do a certain action and also they declare Shi`a kuffar outright. This takfiri ideology was condemned by Muhammad.
I recommend Gleave's Violence referenced above.
>>7444005
Oh and don't think A'isha was some little innocent naive girl. She taught people in the masajid (men and women alike), she helped her father politically after the Prophet's death to become the caliph and assert his authority, and she helped start a war against the 4th caliph.
If you're interested, this is from a Muslim perspective from an esteemed scholar. Full lecture is great if you care about hadith studies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsYk-tRp9jk
>>7444005
And there are several conditions to declare war and in war. It's very complicated and complex. There are tomes upon tomes about laws behind defensive and offensive wars.
>>7444005
Oh and all the theology books above are good for beginners.
>>7444053
to understand the violence thing
>>7441262
kek
>muh black rock
Still too engaged in idolatry.
>>7445964
It's not idolatry. Think of the Ka'baa as a church where people congregate. Its importance stems from it being built by Abraham and Ishmael as a testament to their faith in God and as a pillar of monotheism in a world of false gods, secular and religious.
>>7445978
This is why it's called baytullah, or "the House of God" and why the talbiyya recited in hajj is a staunch declaration of monotheism.
>>7445978
Nah m8, it's a space rock that was worshipped by pagans before Islam and Mohammed (pleb) incorporated the savage heathenry in his new religions because he couldn't get them to convert otherwise.
Now it's a big fat tourist attraction exploited by corrupt Saudis.
>>7445983
لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ لَبَّيْكَ، لَبَّيْكَ لاَ شَرِيْكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ، إِنَّ الْحَمْدَ وَالنِّعْمَةَ لَكَ وَالْمُلْكَ لاَشَرِيْكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ
Here I am for You, Lord. Here I am for You and You have no partners. All praise and all bounty are unto You alone, and unto You alone is the Sovereignty. You have no partners. Here I am for You.
>>7438420
تاب كك أخي
I grew up in a primarily Christian environment, going to churches and a Catholic school. I also spent a lot of time later on around atheists and sharing their views. Eventually Islam was the best theological path I could find.
>>7445997
The Ka'bah was never worshiped. It held idols within it because the tribes that Ishmael and Hagar lived with regressed back to paganism after their deaths. This is recorded in Arab genealogy and their histories. Adam is also said to be the one who built the first "House of God" on Earth and so Abraham and Ishmael's building of this House of God is built in the same vein.
>Now it's a big fat tourist attraction exploited by corrupt Saudis.
It has been exploited several times throughout history as a way to raise commercial revenue. You saw this with Quraysh during the jahiliyya and with Abdullah b. al-Zubayr during his uprising against the Umayyads and against the bastard al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf.
>>7446008
Are you trying to say your sorry? Your grammar is still off.
>>7446021
لا، I meant top kek
>>7446021
I mean "that you're sorry"
>>7446029
Oh, haha.
You could do لول or هههه.
>>7436519
It's good to have read. It's not too long, and there's a lot of repetition in there. Make sure you know that The Qur'an is not all there is to Islam, nor that your interpretation will be the universal one, etc. I say it's a must read for everyone nowadays, just to know what it is you're talking about. And yes, there are plenty of translations out there. Although I recommend also listening to some recitation, to get a feel for the sound of the original. It makes it a lot more respectable.
>>7436659
>>7436727
>>7436745
Haleem is an incredible apologist, but his translation seems alright. I've read it, and it hasn't really clashed with any other translations I've seen fragments of. The footnotes will make it obvious how much he wants to guide everything in the ''Islam only bout peace'' direction.
>>7446037
Oh OK. I haven't really looked at his writings yet. Been busy with other works. Thanks for telling me.
>>7446008
top kek
never change /لت/
>>7446043
I've read another of his works, ''Understanding the Qur'an'', and it's practically about Islam being perfectly compatible with every modern culture and international rights, etc. Then again, he is incredibly well versed in Islam, and definitely knows his stuff. He's not just anyone coming up with a translation.
>>7446045
Oh, لت as in lit. You could just do /أدب/
>>7446048
Oh, OK. Yeah it seems like the usual rhetoric from those type of people. I don't really care for it.
Do you study Islam/religion or is it just out of interest?
>>7446014
Catholics don't 'worship' saints and Mary either according to their semantic games, but they end up kissing and talking to rocks anyway. The same goes for the superstitious pagan rituals that the Muslims still employ. That's one of the things ISIS got right, actually.
Also, being exploited several times does not justify exploitation now.
>>7446051
لاأعرف اللغة العربية that well yet, though.
Nahj-ul balgha is also a good book to read. It's something like Meditations.
>>7446067
>The same goes for the superstitious pagan rituals that the Muslims still employ. That's one of the things ISIS got right, actually.
Such as what? Intercession does not mean taking another god beside God and people do things out of respect for historical events and individuals. Yes there are some strange practices that developed that even scholars in early Islam and to this day lambast, but that was usually out of absorbing cultures of conquered areas. What did Da'ish get right?
>Also, being exploited several times does not justify exploitation now.
I never said it did.
>>7444005
Where are you from? Are you Shia?
>>7446057
In a way it's unfair, because we've done the same with Christianity. Christianity shouldn't be compatible with our societies, yet we can call ourselves Christian while doing everything God forbid. Islam can do the same for all I care. Although Islam still seems a bit more rigid in their approach to society, it's nothing too different than our own a century ago. Of course the last century/sixty years haven't been to kind to the Islamic world, so it's a different story over there, but the Muslims who moved here throughout the Twentieth Century can very easily claim what they do about Islam being compatible with ''our'' world. There is massive double standard going on between adherence to faith and adherence to literal interpretations of it.
I started studying Islam myself last year, out of curiosity, but I'm taking classes on it this year as well. Doing a minor in Arabic and everything. Not religious, though.
>>7446092
You might want to read up on Modernist Salafist though. I recommend Muhammad Abduh, Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, and Rahid Ridha. Of course it would be best to get a solid basis of theology and Mu'tazilite thought beforehand.
>I started studying Islam myself last year, out of curiosity, but I'm taking classes on it this year as well. Doing a minor in Arabic and everything. Not religious, though.
Oh that's interesting. What college?
>>7446101
"Modernist Salafist thought"
>>7446081
I consider intercession just to be an intellectual justification of idolatrous elements rather than a source of it. It's funny to see how tolerating this sometimes backfired on the Church with people sanctifying dogs and Aztec deities, even against their express wishes.
I was under the impression that IS supported the destruction of the black stone and the Kaaba as a site of idolatry.
>>7446014
تونسي ؟
>>7446112
>I was under the impression that IS supported the destruction of the black stone and the Kaaba as a site of idolatry.
What? I think those are just rumors. That would be a blasphemy against God. When Yazid's army attacked the Ka`bah, there are reports that they became ill and had to leave and then rain put out the fires then.
They are testaments to monotheism. It's like destroying a Church or a Bible because of iconoclastic tendencies. This is extremist ideology.
>intercession just to be an intellectual justification of idolatrous elements rather than a source of it
It hasn't been that way in Islamic history. In poorer places in areas that were traditionally pagan (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan), you can find people who seem to nearly "worship" saints' shrines but this is condemned within the theological framework.
>>7446117
لا، امريكي
>>7446090
Oh nice, greeting from Iran
>>7446162
سلام
Oh that's cool. I've been to Iran once. Are you Shia and do you speak Arabic as well or just Farsi and English? :)
>>7446101
I've been introduced to Salafism, in a course I'm doing now I'll get more into it. It seems Islamic discourse in the Western media really portrays Islam as Salafist/Islamist/Takfirist, with nothing really in between. I'll save those authors and check them out.
>Oh that's interesting. What college?
Utrecht University in the Netherlands. I'm hand picking courses, but the uni actually offers a bachelors and masters degree in Islamic studies and Arabic combined. My major is History, though.
>>7446165
Oh, how do you find it? Which cities you went?
Somehow I'm Shia but not that much, also I understand Arabic but unfortunately can't write nor talk.
>اللغة العربية تجتاح ليت
>>7446186
>I'm hand picking courses, but the uni actually offers a bachelors and masters degree in Islamic studies and Arabic combined. My major is History, though.
Oh that's very cool. Do you plan on an academic career centering around Islamic/Arab history?
Modernist Salafism is different than Saudi Salafist thought and the takfiri ideology you see terrorists espousing. It still stems from Ibn Taymiyya's works but those three tried to bridge differences between Islam and the West to create this Islamic modernist philosophy as a means of retaliation against the West.
>Oh, how do you find it? Which cities you went?
Beautiful. Wonderful people. I wish I knew Farsi though. :s
I was in Tehran, Qum, Mashhad, Shiraz, Pasargad, and Isfahan. Typical tourist locations haha. It was an academic/religious trip.
>>7446203
لول
لم لا نناقش الشعر والكتب العربية هنا؟
>>7446220
!عصرنا قريبا
يجب عليي قراءة الأدب العربي غالبا
لقد قرأت النصوص القنية خاصة الآن
ماذا تقرأ؟
>>7446240
أقرأ الفلسفة و الكتب التي تمت ترجمتها الي العربية
>>7446240
الأدب العربي الشعبي*
I haven't engaged in modern Arab lit except Taxi :s
>>7446261
Islamic philosophy?
>>7446261
Which philosophers and which translations? Are you studying Arab philosophy? :D
>>7446281
Oh and should we create an Arabic/Islamic /lit/ general?
لول
>>7446201
I'm not really planning an academic career (I'd like to be a college teacher, but if people like my academic stuff during my master I might consider academics), but for my bachelor thesis I'm going to do an analysis of late Al-Qa'ida and Da'esh propaganda, to see how they mix religious with secular discourses in their justification for recruitment, existence and violence. As a lot of their rhetoric is about disgrace, oppression and humiliation suffered by the West, but they are very ambiguous to really name specific events, next to Sykes-Picot, obviously. While other things are very nationalistic, and some nasheeds are basically the French national anthem. I'm nowhere near being well read enough to write a proper thesis, so I'm planning on making my bachelor thesis a stepping stone to my master thesis, in which I want to paint the whole picture of Islamic discourse against the West, comparing it to Western discourse, to see how they use historical events in their justifications for violence, etc.
I've been trying to get my hands on some works by Ibn Taymiyya, but it's so expensive. And not even my uni has a lot of his works.
>>7446339
That's interesting. I would definitely recommend those authors I spoke of earlier. And also Sayyid Qutb.
I just searched for Ibn Taymiyya's works and found this site:
http://www.kalamullah.com/ibn-taymiyyah.html
And then I know of this: http://muslimphilosophy.com/it/index.html
We should have a nahda here
>>7446353
Cheers, mate. Saved them. I've read a lot about Qutb in various works already, I can just imagine his face in the US looking at loose women in casual clothing. Priceless.
I've always considered islam to be a state religion established by the prophet that just never went away after his death because of the power base he left behind.
Much like how soon north koreas state religion of leader worship will become immortalized.
How does islam feel about my interpretation of events?
>>7449082
It would feel agitated.
hey anyone remember the comment from a few months ago that said that /lit/ was going to get a islam boner
>>7436519
Reading it in English is pointless because even if you get into a situation where you could dispute with a muslim about theology they could just troll you by saying, "LOL nah bro you need to read it in the original Arabic to get it, :^)"
Even if the Quran does say that apostates need to be killed and Muhammad fucked eight-year-olds or whatever, muzzies can just troll you by saying the English you're reading is a mistranslation.
>>7449091
I'm just going to pretend Google doesn't exist and ask:
This isn't really a quote by him, right? I have one of his books on the way...
>>7449106
confirmed for knowing nothing. Those things are all hadiths. You can definitely dispute with Muslims based on an English Qur'an. You can get the basic idea behind it, etc.
>>7449156
>You can definitely dispute with Muslims based on an English Qur'an. You can get the basic idea behind it, etc.
No. If you make an argument based on your English text they can just claim that the translation isn't a faithful representation of the Arabic (which they have privileged access to).
>>7449156
>This isn't really a quote by him, right? I have one of his books on the way...
well then i guess you should burn that book on arrival and never try to read him
you don't want to be "problematic" do you???
>>7449091
I was hoping the sandy bible anon could respond but this will do.
I have noticed that even ex secularist muslims from turky have trouble admitting any fault with islam.
What most liberals don't want to accept is that the large majority of moderate muslims are only moderates because they haven't been triggered in the right way yet.
If pic related was ever attacked you would be seeing moderate muslim families all over the world proudly sending off their sons to go and wage war. It's like one big switch would go off in most of their heads and they would become different people.
>>7449178
>What most Muslims didn't want to accept was that the large majority of moderate americans are only moderates because they hadn't been triggered in the right way yet.
>when pic related was attacked we seen moderate american families all over the states proudly sending off their sons to go and wage war. It's like one big switch went off in most of their heads and they became different people.
>>7449161
It's funny, because you've already shown you haven't read the Qur'an, so I'll assume you haven't argued with a Muslim based on the Qur'an either. I have, and it's definitely doable. And they don't fall back on ''muh Arabic''.
>>7449170
What a silly comment. It's just a very shallow and sad statement, one undeserving of a normal human being. It has nothing to do with being ''problematic'', it's just that if I wanted /pol/ I'd go to /pol/, and I never go to /pol/.
Anyways, I googled it and it's a character, not Houellebecq himself, which should make for an interesting read. (The book I ordered was ''Submission'')
>>7449178
>What most Muslims didn't want to accept was that the large majority of moderate americans are only moderates because they hadn't been triggered in the right way yet.
>when pic related was attacked we seen moderate american families all over the states proudly sending off their sons to go and wage war. It's like one big switch went off in most of their heads and they became different people.
>>7449178
What are all those idiots doing? It looks like they getting ready to sacrifice something to the Gods.
I'm just going to learn some passages so that when a terrorist attack occurs I can fool the attackers into thinking that I have read the their holy book.
>>7449242
>I'm too stupid to understand what they're doing
>therefore they must be idiots
>>7449250
>mfw I heard during the Paris attacks they asked people about to be killed if they could recite a verse from the Qur'an
>mfw I can recite Al-Fatiha with proper pronounciation
>>7449178
>What most Muslims didn't want to accept was that the large majority of moderate americans are only moderates because they hadn't been triggered in the right way yet.
>when pic related was attacked we seen moderate american families all over the states proudly sending off their sons to go and wage war. It's like one big switch went off in most of their heads and they became different people.
>>7449178
>What most Muslims didn't want to accept was that the large majority of moderate americans are only moderates because they hadn't been triggered in the right way yet.
>when pic related was attacked we seen moderate american families all over the states proudly sending off their sons to go and wage war. It's like one big switch went off in most of their heads and they became different people.
>>7449178
>What most Tutsis don't want to accept is that the large majority of moderate Hutus are only moderates because they haven't been triggered in the right way yet.
>If pic related was ever attacked you would be seeing moderate Hutu families all over Rwanda proudly sending off their sons to go and wage war. It's like one big switch would go off in most of their heads and they would become different people.
ما حدث في هذا الموضوع؟
>>7449072
عفوا
>>7449082
Read Madelung's Succession to Muhammad. Islam has an eschatology, it has a complex legal system, it has a philosophical system, it has a scholarly tradition and all of this was established during the life of Muhammad. The books above would also help you understand that Islam is considered the Truth among Muslims. In Islamic theology, every prophet brings a Truth to their tribe or the entire world. Muhammad is one of the 5 prophets who brought the Truth to the entire world (Ulu'l-Azm), along with Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
